Typical share of the ration by animal
Cattle
Beef cattle 30 to 50% of the dry matter, dairy cows 30 to 50%. Maximum safe share 80% for beef and 50% for dairy.
Sheep and goats
Fattening sheep 15 to 20% (up to 30% with zinc added), goats 10 to 15% (up to 30%).
Poultry
Broilers 10 to 15% without enzymes, 20 to 25% with mannanase; layers 15 to 20%. Up to 30% at most.
Fish and rabbits
Tilapia and catfish 20 to 30% (up to 40%); rabbits 20 to 25% (up to 30%).
Feed guides
Palm kernel meal: what it is and how it is made
PKE, PKC or palm kernel meal: the same pressed by-product of the oil palm kernel. Where it comes from and what it brings to a ration.
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Palm kernel meal for dairy and beef cattle
Typical shares of palm kernel meal in beef and dairy rations, what to watch, and how to bring it in.
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Palm kernel meal for sheep and goats: the copper question
Safe shares for fattening sheep and goats, and why sheep need extra care with copper.
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Palm kernel meal in poultry, fish and rabbit feed
Smaller shares for single-stomached animals: typical rates for broilers, layers, tilapia, catfish and rabbits, and why amino acids matter.
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Palm kernel meal specification: what to check before you buy
Protein, fat, fibre, moisture, ash and aflatoxin: the typical figures and the checks that protect a feed mill.
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Palm kernel meal in bulk or jumbo bags: loading, moisture and storage
Lined containers or jumbo bags: how each is packed, what to check on arrival and how to keep the meal dry.
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Palm kernel meal compared with soybean meal, sunflower meal and maize
Protein, fibre and fat side by side, and the role each feed plays in a ration.
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Building a ration: energy, protein and fibre feeds
How maize, cottonseed meal, cassava, husks and palm kernel meal each do a different job in a ration.
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